• European Influences

    In Europe, towards the end of the nineteenth century, modern design movements emerged in Scotland, Austria, Germany, and France, responding to the effects of mass production and the degradation of historical styles. The output and philosophies of designers exploring new modes were diverse. Some focused on luxurious craft production for a wealthy clientele, while others […]

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  • Modern Materials

    Synthetic materials were considered signs of technological progress.

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  • Changing Roles for Women

    From the mid-nineteenth century onwards, women’s opportunities for education and employment expanded steadily though unequally. By the 1920s, the increased availability of consumer goods and the rise of film and radio produced a popular culture that celebrated and, at the same time, undermined the independent, educated, and sexually expressive young woman. She was encouraged to […]

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